Saturday, October 31, 2009

Pharmacology of the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)



reference: merk manual of medical info.

Types of receptors

Body’s natural agonist

Resulting action

Drugs that target the receptor

Adrenergic




Alpha 1

Epinephrine & norepinephrine

Fight or flight reactions; constriction of the blood vessels in the skin, digestive tract and urinary tract, breakdown of glucose in the liver (releasing energy, a decrease in the activity of stomach & intestine & contraction of smooth muscle in the genital & urinary organs.

Agonist: methoxamine, phenylephrine.

Antagonist: doxazosin, prazosin, tamsulosin & terazosin

Alpha 2

Epinephrine & norepinephrine

A decrease in insulin secretion, in the clumping of platelets, in the constriction of the blood vessels in the skin & intestine and in the release of norepinephrine from nerves.

Agonist: clonidine.

Antagonist: yohimbine

Beta 1

Epinephrine &norepinephrine

An increase in heart rate, in the force of heart contraction & in secretion of rennin ( a hormone in controlling blood pressure)

Agonist: dobutamine, isoproterenol.


Antagonist: beta- blockers (used to treat beta blockers and hypertension) atenolol, metaprolol.

Beta 2

Epinephrine &norepinephrine

Dilatation of smooth muscle in the blood vessels, airways, digestive tract, breakdown of glycogen in skeletal muscle (releasing glucose energy).

Agonist: albuterol, isoetharine and terbetaline.


Antagonist: propanolol

CHOLINERGIC




muscarinic

Acetylcholine

A decrease in heart rate and the force of the heart’s contraction, constriction of airways, dilatation of blood vessel throughout the body and an increase in activity of the stomach, intestines, bladder & salivary, lacrimal & sweat gland

Agonist: bethanechol & carbachol


Antagonist: atropine, ipratropium & scopolamine

Nicotine

Acetylcholine

Contraction of skeletal muscle

Agonist: not commonly used

Antagonist: attacurium, pancuronium, tubocurarine

Monday, October 5, 2009

The 1st IIUM National Pharmacy Quiz 2009


Alhamdulillah, pujian dan kesyukuran sebanyaknya kepada Allah. Tiada apa lagi yang lebih baik untuk diungkapkan selepas berlalunya 2 hari sebelum ini. Saya masih lagi berasa teruja apabila memikirkan apa yang saya lihat tertulis di atas kertas 2 @ 3 bulan yang lepas adalah kenyataan pada hari kelmarin dan semalam.

Penghargaan terstimewa untuk sub com saya : Ainani, Huda, Hazwani, Hanis, Nadhirah dan juga untuk Fazila, Wani Mohd atas kerja keras . Quiz moderator yang dipulun habis habisan oleh kami untuk menjadi yang anda saksikan, hebat, bergaya dan meyakinkan: Ani,Ariffah, Rostam dan Izzat. Rakan- rakan komiti yang lain terutama untuk Prep n Tech; time kasih angkut meja, angkut white board, pasang seketing meja dan sume kerja2 teknikal. Untuk Programme Coordinator, Catering: time kasih simpan makanan u kami yg sibuk dan quiz moderator yang sangat cuak sampai x lalu makan..dan all Multimedia guys. They really talk less, give less expression but awesomely doing outstanding jobs. Untuk Public Relation, kak Iqa: time kasih bebanyaknya. Kak salwa dari prizes and Izhar Registartion, dan juga istimewa untuk orang atasan Azwadi Programme Manager dan kak Nali Asst PM; unspoken appreciation from me to both of you . Dan semua kawan2 lain yang tidak tersebut dan tertulis nama dan kebaikannya. Semoga Allah membalas segala jasa baik kalian dengan balasan syurga.

Saya memohon maaf ada tersalah perkatan, terkasar bahasa , mengarah sana sini. Mana2 lebih dan mana2 kurang. All over the times, sadly situation reveals our true attitude not shape it. Mohon Maaf Zahir dan batin.

My mum had once told me that the most beautiful moments in one’s life is when being a student during campus life. When I ask her why she told me with tender smile “experience it by yourself, you will know”. Ummi, it’s true, I really treasure today’s moment and it is indeed, really beautiful and remarkable.

This is Hajar, the Head Committee for Quiz Coordinator, signing off =)

NST 30hb Sept
http://www.nst. com.my/articles/ 20ftra/Article/ index_html

Berita Minggu 4oct
http://www.bharian. com.my/Current_ News/BH/Sunday/ Nasional/ 20091003234514/ Article/